Foot Candle Recommendations
Below are recommended foot-candle ranges based on the latest guidelines from the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). These values serve as a general reference for proper lighting levels in various environments. Actual lighting requirements may vary depending on specific applications and space usage. For detailed analysis, consult the IES Lighting Handbook or contact our lighting experts for personalized recommendations.

Industry |
Application |
Foot Candles |
Recommended |
Airplane Manufacturing | Drilling, riveting, screw fastening | 75 | High Bay |
Airplane Manufacturing | Final assembly, hangar | 100 | High Bay |
Airplane Manufacturing | Inspection | 50-200 | High Bay |
Airplane Manufacturing | Welding | 50 | High Bay |
Assembly | Rough easy seeing | 20-50 | High Bay |
Assembly | Rough difficult seeing | 50-100 | High Bay |
Assembly | Medium | 100-200 | High Bay |
Auditoriums | Social Activities | 5-10 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Auditoriums | Assembly Only | 10-20 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Auditoriums | Exhibitions | 15-25 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Automotive Manufacturing | Frame Assembly | 50 | High Bay |
Automotive Manufacturing | Body & chassis assembly | 100 | High Bay |
Automotive Manufacturing | Body parts assembly | 100 | High Bay |
Automotive Manufacturing | Final Assembly, finishing, inspecting | 200 | High Bay |
Banks | Lobby General | 10-50 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Banks | Writing Areas | 20-70 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Banks | Teller Stations, Posting & Keypunch | 50-150 | |
Barber Shop | Beauty Parlors | 50-100 | Flat Panel |
Chemical Works | Chemical Works | 30 | Vapor Tight / Hazardous |
Clothing Manufacturer | Receiving, storing, shipping, winding, measuring | 20-50 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Clothing Manufacturer | Pattern making, trimming | 50-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Clothing Manufacturer | Shops, Marking | 50-200 | Flat Panel / Troffer / High Bay |
Clothing Manufacturer | Cutting, Pressing | 100-500 | Flat Panel / Troffer / High Bay |
Clothing Manufacturer | Sewing, Inspection | 200-500 | Flat Panel / Troffer / High Bay |
Electrical Equipment Manufacturing | Impregnating | 20-50 | High Bay |
Electrical Equipment Manufacturing | Insulating coil winding, testing | 50-100 | High Bay |
Food Service Facility | Dining areas, cashier | 20-50 | Troffer / Recessed |
Food Service Facility | Cleaning | 10-20 | Recessed |
Food Service Facility | Dining | 5-20 | Troffer / Recessed |
Food Service Facility | Food Displays | 30-100 | Recessed |
Food Service Facility | Kitchen | 50-100 | IP65 High Bay |
Foundries | Annealing Furnaces | 20-50 | High Bay |
Foundries | Cleaning | 20-50 | High Bay |
Foundries | Core Making | 50-200 | High Bay |
Foundries | Inspection Fine | 100-200 | High Bay |
Foundries | Inspection Medium | 50-100 | High Bay |
Foundries | Molding | 50-200 | High Bay |
Foundries | Pouring, Sorting | 50-100 | High Bay / Hazardous |
Garages-Motor Vehicles | Storage | 5 | Garage |
Garages-Motor Vehicles | Parking Garage | 10 | Garage /.Strip |
Garages-Motor Vehicles | Service Garage | 10-20 | Garage |
Garages-Motor Vehicles | Entrances | 50 | High Bay |
Garages-Motor Vehicles | Repair Area | 50-100 | High Bay |
Gymnasiums | Assemblies | 10 | Flat Panel / High Bay |
Gymnasiums | General Exercise & Recreation | 30 | Flat Panel / High Bay |
Gymnasiums | Exhibitions, Matches | 50 | Flat Panel / High Bay |
Hospitals | Rooms | 10-30 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Hospitals | Corridors | 5-30 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Hospitals | Emergency Rooms | 50-100 | NA |
Hospitals | Operating Rooms | 100-200 | NA |
Hotels | Bathrooms | 20-50 | Recessed |
Hotels | Bedrooms for Reading | 10-20 | NA |
Hotels | Corridors, elevators and stairs | 10-20 | Recessed |
Hotels | Front Desk | 50-100 | Recessed |
Hotels | Linen Room: Sewing | 100-200 | High Bay |
Hotels | Linen Room: General | 10-20 | High Bay |
Hotels | Lobby: General Lighting | 10-20 | Recessed |
Hotels | Lobby: Reading and working areas | 20-50 | Recessed / Flat Panel |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Stock, hot top, checker, cellar, calcining | 10-30 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Building, slag pits, Stripping yard | 20 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Control platform, repairs, mixer building | 30 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Rolling mills | 30-50 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Shearing | 50 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Tin Plate | 50 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Motor Room, Machine Room | 30 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Iron & Steel Manufacturing | Inspection | 100 | UFO / Hazardous / Flood |
Library | Ordinary Reading, Stacks | 20-50 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Library | Book Repair and Binding | 20-50 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Library | Study & Notes, Cataloging | 20-100 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Library | Card Files, Check Desk | 20-100 | Troffer / Flat Panel |
Laundries | Washing | 20-50 | High Bay |
Laundries | Ironing | 20-100 | High Bay |
Machine Shops | Rough Bench | 20-50 | High Bay |
Machine Shops | Medium Bench, Rough Grinding, Buffing | 50-100 | High Bay |
Machine Shops | Fine Bench and Work | 200-500 | High Bay |
Materials Handling | Loading Trucking | 10-20 | |
Materials Handling | Picking Stock Classifying | 20-50 | High Bay |
Materials Handling | Wrapping, Packing, Labeling | 20-50 | High Bay |
Offices | Accounting | 50-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Audio-Visual Areas | 20-50 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Conference Areas | 20-70 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Corridors, Stairways | 20 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Drafting | 50-200 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | General and Private Offices | 50-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Lobbies, Lounges, & Reception Areas | 5-20 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Mail Sorting | 50-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Offices | Off-set printing & duplicating areas | 20-50 | Flat Panel / Troffer / High Bay |
Offices | Spaces with VDT's | 75 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Paint Shop | Spraying, Rubbing | 20-50 | High Bay |
Paint Shop | Hand Art, Stencil | 20-50 | High Bay |
Paint Shop | Fine Hand Painting & Finishing | 50-100 | High Bay |
Paper Manufacturing | Beaters, Grinding | 20-50 | UFO |
Paper Manufacturing | Finishing, Cutting | 50-100 | UFO |
Paper Manufacturing | Hand Counting | 50-100 | UFO |
Paper Manufacturing | Paper machine reel, Inspection | 100-200 | UFO |
Paper Manufacturing | Rewinder | 100-200 | UFO |
Printing | Welding | 50 | High Bay / Flood |
Printing | Color Inspecting | 100-200 | High Bay / Flood |
Printing | Presses | 50-100 | High Bay / Flood |
Printing | Proofreading | 100-200 | High Bay / Flood |
Printing | Composing Room | 50-100 | High Bay / Flood |
Schools | Reading | 20-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Schools | Typing | 20-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Schools | Demonstrations | 100-200 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Schools | Sewing | 20-100 | Flat Panel / Troffer |
Sheet Metal Works | General | 100 | High Bay / Flood |
Sheet Metal Works | Tin Plate Inspection | 100-200 | High Bay / Flood |
Sheet Metal Works | Galvanizing, Scribing | 100-200 | High Bay / Flood |
Stores | Circulation Area Stockroom | 10-30 | Recessed |
Stores | Merchandising, Servicing | 30-100 | Recessed / Troffer |
Stores | Merchandising, Self-Servicing | 200 | Recessed / Troffer |
Textile Mills | Cotton Picking, Carding, Roving, Spinning | 50 | High Bay |
Textile Mills | Beaming & Slashing | 150 | High Bay |
Textile Mills | Drawing | 200 | High Bay |
Textile Mills | Others | 100 | High Bay |
Warehouse & Storage | Inactive | 5-10 | High Bay |
Warehouse & Storage | Active Rough Bulky | 10-20 | High Bay |
Warehouse & Storage | Active Medium | 20 | High Bay |
Warehouse & Storage | Active Fine | 20-50 | High Bay |
Welding | General | 20-50 | High Bay / Flood |
Woodworking | Sizing, planning, rough sanding, medium quality machine and bench work, gluing, veneering, cooperage | 20-50 | High Bay / Strip |
Woodworking | Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing | 50-100 | High Bay / Strip |
Woodworking | Rough sawing and bench work | 20-50 | High Bay / Strip |
What Is the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)?
The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) is a globally recognized organization dedicated to advancing the art and science of lighting. Founded in 1906, the IES serves as the leading technical and educational authority on illumination, with over 8,000 members in nearly 60 countries. Its diverse membership includes lighting designers, engineers, architects, educators, and researchers committed to improving quality of life through excellence in lighting.
As a non-profit, the IES’s mission is to enhance the well-being of individuals and communities through standards-based, energy-efficient, and innovative lighting solutions. Their work supports the development of safe, sustainable, and effective lighting environments across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.
What Does the IES Do?
The IES provides essential resources, standards, and training for professionals in the lighting industry. Its ANSI-accredited process ensures that the organization produces trusted, peer-reviewed documents that shape lighting design and engineering practices worldwide.
Key IES Contributions Include:
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Lighting Standards and Guidelines: Through the IES Lighting Library®, the society publishes over 100 authoritative documents including recommended practices, design guides, and performance standards.
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Technical Research: The IES commissions and distributes research papers and technical reports covering innovations in lighting technology, photometry, visual comfort, and more.
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Professional Education: The IES offers webinars, seminars, and conferences that keep members informed on the latest developments in LED lighting, smart lighting systems, daylighting design, and energy codes.
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Certifications and Training: Certification programs and continuing education resources help lighting professionals meet industry requirements and maintain best practices.
The Mission and Impact of the IES
At its core, the IES is committed to promoting energy-efficient, sustainable, and high-quality lighting solutions. Through its research and standardization efforts, the IES plays a critical role in shaping the future of lighting design and helping professionals meet evolving safety, environmental, and performance benchmarks.
Core Publications and Tools:
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The IES Lighting Handbook: Widely regarded as the definitive reference for lighting professionals, this comprehensive guide covers lighting principles, terminology, calculations, and system maintenance.
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IES Lighting Library: A digital resource with detailed information on lighting science, design methodologies, and current lighting regulations.
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IES Standards Library: Includes all current IES-approved standards and practices, supporting compliant, efficient, and human-centric lighting designs.
Why the IES Matters in the Lighting Industry
Whether you're an architect designing for LEED certification, an engineer working on large-scale commercial lighting systems, or a contractor looking for up-to-date installation practices, the IES is an invaluable resource. Its contributions help shape industry best practices, inform public policy, and elevate the overall quality and performance of lighting across all sectors.
To learn more or to access IES resources, visit the official IES website or contact us for expert guidance on applying IES standards to your next lighting project.